The Truth and Nothing but the Truth

Media Discourses on Body Data in Medical Age Assessments

Författare

  • Matilda Tudor Uppsala University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37062/sf.62.27829

Nyckelord:

body data, biometrics, migration, media discourse, medical age assessments

Abstract

This article analyses the discursive power of the datafied body, using the example of medical age assessments on unaccompanied minors in Sweden from 2017. Focusing on mainstream media discourses, it aims to raise critical attention to the truth-effect of body data, and the impact of media discourse on how it is transmitted to the broader public. This becomes particularly striking in relation to a case where such data were being miscalculated and misused, in a human rights scandal Sweden has yet to deal with. Ultimately, I argue that this machinery, while turning bodies into data, carries the logic of a lie detector of sorts, wiping out self-attesting truth, and undermining relationality and trust. Through the articulation and amplification of such logics, media discourse helped confirm and legitimise the power abuse of a nation state towards a particularly vulnerable group in search of protection. Hence, I maintain that the overreliance on body data in the current migration regime must be critically discussed in relation to ethical sensibilities and the growing dehumanisation of displaced populations.

Referenser

Abdelhady, D. (2020) “Media constructions of the refugee crisis in Sweden: Institutions and the challenges of refugee governance”, 122–143 in N. Gren & M. Joormann (Eds.) Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in northern Europe. Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146847.00015

Ahlstrand, Love (2015) ”Läkare dömer ut åldersbestämning”, Dagens Nyheter, 28 November 2015.

AIDA (Asylum Information Database) (2015) Detriment of the doubt: Age assessment of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children. Legal briefing No 6, European Council of Refugees and Exiles.

AIDA (Asylum Information Database) (2017) Country report Sweden. European Council of Refugees and Exiles. https://www.asylumineurope.org/sites/default/files/report-download/aida_se_2017update.pdf

Ajana, B. (2010) “Recombinant identities: Biometrics and narrative bioethics”, Bioethical Inquiry 7:237–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-010-9228-4

Ajana, B. (2013) “Asylum, identity management and biometric control”, Journal of Refugee Studies 26 (4):576–595. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fet030

Ajana, B. (2015) “Augmented borders: Big data and the ethics of immigration control”, Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 13 (1):58–78. https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-01-2014-0005

Ajana, B. (2021) “Digital biopolitics, humanitarianism and the datafication of refugees”, 463–479 in E. Cox, S. Durrant, D. Farrier et al. (Eds.) Refugee imaginaries: Research across the humanities. Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474443210-033

Arendt, H. (1962) The origins of totalitarianism. San Diego: Harcourt.

Axelsson I. (2018) “Bone maturation cannot be used to estimate chronological age in asylum‐seeking adolescents”, Acta Paediatrica 108 (4):590–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14645

Benjamin, R. (2019) Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the new Jim Code. New York, Polity Press.

Betänkande av Utredningen om migrationsmottagandet 2015 [2017]) Att ta emot människor på flykt. Sverige hösten 2015. SOU 2017:12. Stockholm: Wolters Kluwer Sverige AB.

Bring, J. & L. Rönnegård (2019) ”Om åldersbedömningar och att lära sig av misstagen”, Statistikfrämjandet, https://statistikframjandet.se/statistikframjandet/om-aldersbedomningar-och-att-lara-sig-av-misstagen/

Broeders, D. & H. Dijstelbloem (2016) “The datafication of mobility and migration management: The mediating state and its consequences”, 242–260 in I. van der Ploeg & J. Pridmore (Eds.) Digitizing identities: Doing identity in a networked world. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315756400-13

Chouliaraki, L. & M. Georgiou (2019) “The digital border: Mobility beyond territorial and symbolic divides”, European Journal of Communication 34 (6):594–605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119886147

Civil Rights Defenders (2024) “The EU’s new migration and asylum pact hollows out the right to asylum”, https://crd.org/2024/04/11/the-eus-new-migration-and-asylum-pact-hollows-out-the-right-to-asylum/

Curthoys, N. (2020) “Theories of the refugee, after Hannah Arendt”, 36–49 in E. Cox, S. Durrant, D. Farrier, L. Stonebridge & A. Woolley (Eds.), Refugee imaginaries: Research across the Humanities, Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474443210-005

Dagens Medicin (2018) ”Socialstyrelsen medger fel om åldersbedömningar”, 5 April 2018. https://www.dagensmedicin.se/specialistomraden/barnsjukvard/socialstyrelsen-medger-fel-om-aldersbedomningar/

Dahlgren, P. (2016) “Moral spectatorship and its discourses: The ‘mediapolis’ in the Swedish refugee crisis”, Javnost – The Public 23 (4):382–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2016.1247332.

EASO (European Union Agency for Asylum (2013) Age assessment practice in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2847/12152

Eckerman, I. (2021a) ”Medicinska åldersbedömningar av ensamkommande asylsökande”, 150–166 in I. Eckerman & K. Fridell Anter (Eds.) Den onödiga flyktingkrisen: Rättssäkerheten, civilsamhället och flyktingarna 2015–2021. Mira Förlag & Stöttepelaren.

Eckerman, I. (2021b) ”Åldersbedömning och rättssäkerhet”, 139–149 in I. Eckerman & K. Fridell Anter (Eds.) Den onödiga flyktingkrisen. Mira Förlag/Stöttepelaren.

Elsrud, T. (2023) “Fragmentation of hope through tiny acts of bureaucratic cruelty: Another kind of war on Afghan people seeking asylum in Sweden”, Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees / Refuge : revue canadienne sur les réfugiés 39 (2):1–17. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41064

Emilsson, H. (2018) “Continuity or change? The refugee crisis and the end of Swedish exceptionalism”. Malmö Institute for Studies of Migrations, Diversity and Welfare (MIM) Working Papers Series 18:3. https://doi.org/10.24834/2043/25232

Eubanks, V. (2018) Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. New York: St. Martin s Press.

Eurostat press release 87/2016 (2016a) “Almost 90 000 unaccompanied minors among asylum seekers registered in the EU in 2015”, Eurostat Press Office. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7244677/3-02052016-AP-EN.pdf/

Eurostat Press release 87/2016 (2016b) “Asylum applicants considered to be unaccompanied minors. Almost 90,000 unaccompanied minors among asylum seekers registered in the EU in 2015. Slightly more than half are Afghans”, Eurostat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7244677/3-02052016-AP-EN.pdf/19cfd8d1-330b-4080-8ff3-72ac7b7b67f6

Farr, 2017. ”Du är vuxen tills du bevisar motsatsen: Preliminär genomgång av åldersuppskrivning från barn till vuxen i samband med avslag i asylärendet”. https://farr.se/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/granskning_beslut-om-alder.pdf

Fassin, D. & E. d’Halluin (2005) “The truth from the body: Medical certificates as ultimate evidence for asylum seekers”, American Anthropologist 107 (4):597–608. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2005.107.4.597

Fog Olwig, K., K. Grünenberg, P. Møhl & A. Simonsen (2020) The biometric border world technologies, bodies and identities on the move. London & New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367808464

FRA (Fundamental Rights Agency) (2018) Under watchful eyes: Biometrics, EU IT systems and fundamental rights. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9992-20180008

Hedlund, Daniel (2016) “Constructions of credibility in decisions concerning unaccompanied minors. International Journal of Migration”, Health and Social Care 13 (2):157–172. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-02-2016-0010

Helander, D. (2023) Bordering through genetics: DNA testing, family reunification and Swedish migration control. (Doctoral dissertation). Umeå: Umeå University.

Hjern, A. & H. Asher (2015) ”Svårt att säkert fastställa ålder hos asylsökande barn”. Läkartidningen 41/2015.

Jovovic, J. (2020) “Images of crisis and the crisis of images: A visual analysis of four frames of representation of 'refugeness' in Swedish newspapers”, 105–121 in N. Gren & M. Joormann (Eds.) Refugees and the violence of welfare bureaucracies in northern Europe. Manchester University Press. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146847.00014

Lagerkvist, A. (2022) Existential media: A media theory of the limit situation. Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190925567.001.0001

Lems, A., K. Oester & S. Strasser (2020) “Children of the crisis: Ethnographic perspectives on unaccompanied refugee youth in and en route to Europe”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46 (2):315–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1584697

Magnet, S. (2011) When biometrics fail: Gender, race, and the technology of identity. Durham: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv12101s4

Malmqvist, E., E. Furberg & L. Sandman (2018) “Ethical aspects of medical age assessment in the asylum process: A Swedish perspective”, International Journal of Legal Medicine 132:815–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1730-3

Migrationsöverdomstolen (2014) MIG 2014:1. https://lagen.nu/dom/mig/2014:1 .

Nalbandian, L. (2022) “An eye for an ‘I:’ a critical assessment of artificial intelligence tools in migration and asylum management”, Comparative Migration Studies 10 (32). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-022-00305-0

Nalbandian, L. & Dreher, N. (2022) “Advanced digital technologies in migration management: A review of emerging literature”, The Working Papers Series. Toronto Metropolitan Centre for Immigration and Settlement (TMCIS) and the CERC in Migration and Integration.

Noble, S.U. (2018) Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1pwt9w5

Noll, G. (2016) “Junk science? Four arguments against the radiological age assessment of unaccompanied minors seeking asylum”, International Journal of Refugee Law 28 (2):234–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eew020

O’Neill, C. (2016) Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. New York: Crown.

Pfeifer, M. (2021) “Intelligent Borders? Securitizing Smartphones in the European Border Regime.” Culture Machine 20: 1–22 .

Picum (2024) “The EU Migration Pact: A dangerous regime of migrant surveillance”, 11 April 2024. https://picum.org/blog/the-eu-migration-pact-a-dangerous-regime-of-migrant-surveillance/

Reisigl, M. (2017) “The discourse-historical approach”, 44–59 in J. Flowerdew & J.E Richardson (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315739342-4

Reisigl, M. & R. Wodak (2008) “The discourse-historical approach (DHA)”, 87–121 in R. Wodak & M. Meyer (Eds.) Methods of critical discourse analysis, 2nd edn. India Pvt Ltd New Delhi: SAGE Publications.

Reisigl, M. & R. Wodak (2015) “Discourse and racism”, 576–596 in D. Tannen, H.E. Hamilton & D. Schiffrin (Eds.) The handbook of discourse analysis. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118584194.ch27

Rogberg, S. (2017) ”Nya uppgifter: Fel slutsats att de ljuger om sin ålder”. Svenska Dagbladet, 2017-07-18.

Roscam Abbing, H.D.C. (2011) “Age determination of unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors in the European Union: A health law perspective”, European Journal of Health Law 18 (1):11–25. https://doi.org/10.1163/157180911x546101

Sauer P., A. Nicholson & D. Neubauer (2016) “Age determination in asylum seekers: Physicians should not be implicated”, Eur J Pediatr 175:299–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-015-2628-z

Schmeling A., C. Grundmann, A. Fuhrmann, H.J. Kaatsch, B. Knell, F. Ramsthaler, et al. (2008) “Criteria for age estimation in living individuals”, Int J Legal Med 122:457–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-008-0254-2

Socialdepartementet S2016/04832/FS (2016) Metoder för radiologisk åldersbedömning – En systematisk översikt. Socialstyrelsen.

Sveriges Advokatsamfund (2015) ”Vägledande uttalande angående medicinska åldersbedömningar i asylärenden,” Cirkulär nr 21/2015 https://www.advokatsamfundet.se/Advokaten/Tidningsnummer/2015/Nr-8-2015-argang-81/Vagledande-uttalande-angaende-medicinska-aldersbedomningar-i-asylarenden/

Sveriges Riksdag (2015/16:523) ”Åtgärder för medicinska åldersbedömningar”. Skriftlig fråga till stadsråd.

Sveriges Riksdag (2015/16:746) ”Besked om åldersbedömningar”. Besked om ålderbedömningar.

Svenska Barnläkarföreningen (2015) ”Angående medicinska åldersbedömningar av asylsökande ungdomar”, 17 June 2015. http://www.barnlakarforeningen.se/2015/07/17/angaende-medicinska-aldersbedomningar-av-asylsokande-ungdomar/

Tamsen, F. (2019) “När läkaretiken sätts på prov”, YouTube, Svenska Läkaresällskapet 2020-09-09. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=so7QsKvUPT4&t=2109s

Tamsen, F. & P. Mostad (2019) “Error rates for unvalidated medical age assessment procedures”, International Journal of Legal Medicine 133:613–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-018-1916-3

Trysell, K. (2023) ”Utredning om kritiserade medicinska åldersbedömningar läggs ned”, Läkartidningen, 11 January 2023.

Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå (2018) ”Socialstyrelsen vill inte prata om felräkning”. Svenska Dagbladet, 20 March 2018. https://www.svd.se/a/oR84vB/socialstyrelsen-vill-inte-prata-om-felrakning

Tudor, M. Tudor, M. (forthcoming) “My mother gave birth to me, your machine did not”, in A. Lagerkvist, J. Smolicki, (Eds.) Relational Technologies: In Search of the Self

Across Datafied Lifeworlds, New York, NY: Bloomsbury, Thinking Media Series.

UNHCR (High Commissioner for Refugees) (2015) “UNHCR observations on the use of age assessments in the identification of separated or unaccompanied children seeking asylum”, 1 June 2015, https://www.refworld.org/jurisprudence/amicus/unhcr/2015/en/93634

van der Ploeg, I. & J. Pridmore (2016) Digitizing identities: Doing identity in a networked world. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315756400

van Dijk, T.A. (2015) “Critical Discourse Analysis”, 466-485, in D.Tannen, H.E. Hamilton, & D. Schiffrin (Eds.) The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Second Edition. Sussex, John Wiley & Sons. DOI:10.1002/9781118584194

Downloads

Publicerad

2025-06-12

Referera så här

Tudor, Matilda. 2025. ”The Truth and Nothing But the Truth: Media Discourses on Body Data in Medical Age Assessments”. Sociologisk Forskning 62 (1-2):121-44. https://doi.org/10.37062/sf.62.27829.