Arv, miljö eller både och?
En kritisk realistisk kritik av heritabilitetsmetodiken
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37062/sf.59.23210Nyckelord:
tvillingstudier, arv och miljö, kritisk realism, beteendegenetik, GWASAbstract
Med hjälp av heritabilitetsmetodik har en del forskare som använder tvillingstudier, och på senare år även DNA-studier, hävdat att genetiskt arv på ett avgörande sätt förklarar sociala utfall. Att söka förklara vad som orsakar sociala utfall är en strävan att förklara hur verkligheten är beskaffad och är därmed en ontologisk fråga. Syftet med artikeln är att med utgångspunkt från den kritiska realismen kritiskt undersöka heritabilitetsstudiernas outtalade ontologiska antaganden. Först förklaras grunderna i heritabilitetsmetodiken, tvillingmetodiken och DNA-studier som mäter heritabilitet, och den tidigare kritik som riktats mot studierna sammanfattas. Därefter argumenterar jag för att heritabilitetsmetodiken inte undersöker vad som faktiskt orsakar sociala händelser: de mått som studierna tar fram döljer andra bakomliggande mekanismer som äger den generativa kraften att påverka sociala utfall. Mot denna bakgrund argumenterar jag för att studierna gör dels den felplacerade konkretionens felslut, dels det epistemiska felslutet. Avslutningsvis argumenterar jag för att konkreta sociala fenomen bör förstås som ett utfall av samspel mellan olika generativa mekanismer.
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