Social relations between humans and animals
A challenge for the total defence?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37062/sf.59.24243Keywords:
defence policy, total defence, animals, human–animal studies, UkraineAbstract
The war in Ukraine has had an extensive impact upon societies not directly involved in the military fighting. Traditional and social media has been filled with references to the war and discussions concerning how individuals as well as society as a whole would cope if war were to erupt in Sweden. In this context, an often overlooked issue is the relationship between humans and animals. This article discusses challenges to the total defence system, brought on by the norms of the 2020s, concerning the social relationship between humans and animals. It presents a number of areas wherein the relation between humans and animals is likely to raise questions and invoke conflict with existing regulations of the total defence: views of security, laws and regulations for wartime and crisis situations, and the development of social relations between humans and animals. Finally, some ideas are presented regarding how a total defence including animals could be materialized, and which changes such ideas would pose to the present total defence.
References
Adams, C.J. & L. Gruen (red.) (2014) Ecofeminism. Feminist intersections with other animals and the earth. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781501388323
Alperstein, E. (2020) ”In a wildfire, animal rescue can be messy; untrained volunteers add to the chaos”, Los Angeles Times, 15 januari 2020.
AP News (2022) ”AP Photos: Ukainians fleeing war can’t leave pets behind”, AP News, 11 mars 2022.
BBC (2020) ”Medal for hero dog Kuno which saved soldiers’ lives in Afghanistan”, BBC, 29 augusti 2020.
Bergström, O., A. Styhre & P. Thilander (2014) ”Paradoxifying organizational change. Cynicism and resistance in the Swedish Armed Forces”, Journal of Change Management 14 (3):384–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2014.938096
Bērziņa, I. & U. Zupa (2021) ”Factors affecting willingness to fight for a country in the Latvian and Russian-speaking communities in Latvia”, National Identities 23 (3):239–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/14608944.2020.1851668
Bowman, B. (2020) ”They don’t quite understand the importance of what we’re doing today: The young people’s climate strikes as subaltern activism”, Sustainable Earth 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42055-020-00038-x
Brukshundsklubben (2022) ”Tjänstehund: Samhällsnyttiga hundar”, https://brukshundklubben.se/tjanstehund/ (hämtningsdatum 27 maj 2022).
Buzan, B., O. Wæver & J. de Wilde (1998) Security. A new framework for analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781685853808
Carson, J.V., G. LaFree & L. Dugan (2012) ”Terrorist and non-terrorist criminal attacks by radical environmental and animal rights groups in the United States, 1970–2007”, Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (2):295–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.639416
Carter, B. & N. Charles (2018) ”The animal challenge to sociology”, European Journal of Social Theory 21 (1):79–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431016681305
Chadwin, R. (2017) ”Evacuation of pets during disasters. A public health intervention to increase resilience”, American Journal of Public Health 107 (9):1413–1417. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303877
Chrulew, M. & D.J. Wadiwel (2017) ”Editor’s introduction: Foucault and animals”, 1–15 i M. Chrulew & D.J. Wadiwel (red.), Foucault and animals. Leiden: Brill publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004332232_002
Clark, B. & A.K. Jorgenson (2012) ”The treadmill of destruction and the environmental impacts of militaries”, Sociology Compass 6 (7):557–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2012.00474.x
Connolly, L. & J. G. Cullen (2018) ”Animals and organisations. An ethic of care framework”, Organization & Environment 31 (4):406–424. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026617712975
Collins, R. (2008) ”Framstötens panik och de våldsamma övergreppens emotioner”, 78–99 i Å. Wettergren, B. Starrin & G. Lindgren (red.), Det sociala livets emotionella grunder. Malmö: Liber.
Cudworth, E. & S. Hobden (2015) ”The posthuman way of war”, Security Dialogue, 46 (6):513–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010615596499
Donaldson, S. & W. Kymlicka (2011) Zoopolis. A political theory of animal rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Edström, H., D. Gyllensporre & J. Westberg (2018) Military strategy of small states. Responding to external shocks of the 21st century. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351054348
Eisen, J. (2017) ”Animals in the constitutional state”, International Journal of Constitutional Law 15 (4):909–954. doi:10.1093/icon/mox088
Fagan, M. (2017) ”Security in the anthropocene. Environment, ecology, escape”, European Journal of International Relations 23 (2):292–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066116639738
Ferguson, K. (2004) ”I love my dog”, Political Theory 32 (3):373–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591703260692
Finnemore, M. (2003) The purpose of intervention. Changing beliefs about the use of force. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Forster, A. (2006) Armed forces and society in Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230502406
Fors Brandebo, M. (2022) ”Experter: ’Om det blev krig skulle svenskar ha lika stark stridsmoral som ukrainarna’”, Dagens Nyheter, 28 mars 2022.
Foucault, M. (2008[1997]) ”Samhället måste försvaras”. Collège de France 1975–1976 Hägersten: Tankekraft förlag.
Fougner, T. (2021) ”Engaging the ‘animal question‘ in international relations”, International Studies Review 23 (3):862–886. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa082
Fox, N.J. & P. Alldred (2020) ”Sustainability, feminist posthumanism and the unusual capacities of (post)humans”, Environmental Sociology 6 (2):121–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2019.1704480
Frisell, H. (2021) ”Sekretessen kring brister i djurskyddet allt hårdare”, VeterinärMagazinet, 8 oktober 2021.
Gleeson, S. (2022) ”Patron, bomb-sniffing dog who went viral, receives state honors from Ukrainian president”, USA Today, 9 Maj 2022.
Gustafsson, L. (2020) Rapport från ett slakteri. En veterinärs berättelse. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.
Hediger, R (red.) (2012) Animals and war. Studies of Europe and North America. Leiden: Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004241749
Hobbins, J., E. Danielsson & A. Sjöstedt (2020) Genus, risk och kris. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Hofstede, G., G.J. Hofstede & M. Minkov (2011) Organisationer och kulturer. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Holmberg, A. (2015) ”A demilitarization process under challenge? The example of Sweden”, Defence Studies 15 (3):235–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2015.1084174
Holmberg, A. & A. Alvinius (2019) ”How pressure for change challenge military organizational characteristics”, Defence Studies 19 (2):130–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2019.1575698
Holmberg, A. & A. Alvinius (2020) ”Children’s protest in relation to the climate emergency. A qualitative study on a new form of resistance promoting political and social change”, Childhood 27 (1):78–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0907568219879970
Holmberg, T. (2014) ”Sensous governance. Assessing urban animal hoarding”, Housing, Theory and Society 31 (4):464–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2014.928650
Holmberg, T. (2019) ”Walking, eating, sleeping. Rhythm analysis of human/dog intimacy”, Emotion, Space and Society 31:26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2019.03.002
Hultman, M. (2017) ”Natures of masculinities. Conceptualising industrial, ecomodern and ecological masculinities”, 107–123 i S. Buckingham & V. Le Masson (red.) Understanding climate change through gender relations. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315661605-6
Hultman, M. & P.M. Pulé (2018) Ecological masculinities. Theoretical foundations and practical guidance. New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315195223
Inglehart, R. (2008) ”Changing values among Western publics from 1970 to 2006”, West European Politics 31 (1–2):130–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380701834747
Jordbruksverket & Statens veterinärmedicinska anstalt (2020) ”Nationella försörjningsbehov inom djurens hälso-och sjukvård vid kris eller höjd beredskap och då ytterst i krig”. Jordbruksverket Dnr 6.9.17-17871/2020.
Kommittén för Totalförsvarsverksamhet (2019) Förbättrat skydd för totalförsvaret. Slutbetänkande av Kommittén för förbättrat skydd för totalförsvarsverksamhet. SOU 2019:34. Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik.
Kotzé, J.L. & P. Villavicencio Calzadilla (2017) ”Somewhere between rhetoric and reality. Environmental constitutionalism and the rights of nature in Ecuador”, Transnational Environmental Law 6 (3):401–433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2047102517000061
Leep, M. (2018) ”Stray dogs, post-humanism and cosmopolitan belongingness. Interspecies hospitality in times of war”, Millenium: Journal of International Studies 47 (1):45–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829818778365
Lindblom, J. & K. Jacobsson (2014) ”A deviance perspective on social movements. The case of animal rights activism”, Deviant Behaviour 35 (2):133–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2013.834751
Loadenthal, M. (2014) ”Eco-terrorism? Countering dominant narratives of securitization. A critical, quantitative history of the Earth Liberation Front (1996–2009)”, Perspectives on Terrorism 8 (3):16–50.
Mellström, U. (2020) ”Masculinity studies and posthumanism”, 112–121 i L. Gottzén, U. Mellström & T. Shefer (red.) Routledge international handbook of masculinity studies. Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315165165-11
Merchant, C. (1994 [1980]) Naturens död. Kvinnan, ekologin och den vetenskapliga revolutionen. Stehag: Brutus Östlings bokförlag Symposion.
McDonald, M. (2018) ”Climate change and security. Towards ecological security?”, International Theory 10 (2):153–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971918000039
MSB (2022a) ”Ökat engagemang för beredskap till följd av kriget”, https://www.msb.se/sv/aktuellt/nyheter/2022/april/okat-engagemang-for-beredskap-till-foljd-av-kriget/ (hämtningsdatum 13 april 2022).
MSB (2022b) ”Krisberedskap för dina husdjur”, https://www.msb.se/sv/rad-till-privatpersoner/forbered-dig-for-kris/krisberedskap-for-dina-husdjur/ (hämtningsdatum 13 april 2022).
NJA (2001) ”Fråga om beräkning av skadestånd vid skada på katt (I) och hund (II)”, Nytt juridiskt arkiv, Avd. 1, Rättsfall från Högsta domstolen.
Norheim-Martinsen, P.M. (2016) ”New sources of military change. Armed forces as normal organizations”, Defence Studies 16 (3):312–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2016.1195234
Palm, T. (2019) ”Svenska Brukshundklubben. Närvaro, trygghet, engagemang”, 57–61 i A. Forsberg (red.) Tillsammans i krisen. Framtidens frivillighet inom krisberedskap och totalförsvar. Stockholm: Svenska Röda Korset.
Pöllänen, E. & W. Osika (2018) ”Vi och ’de andra’, Social hållbarhet kopplat till hur vi känner, tanker och agerar i relation till andra djur”, Socialmedicinsk tidskrift 95 (2):132–140.
Redmalm, D. (2021) ”Discipline and puppies. The powers of pet keeping”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 41 (3–4):440–454. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-08-2019-0162
Regeringen (1977) Om förfogandelag m.m. Regeringens proposition 1977/78:72 Stockholm: Försvarsdepartementet.
Regeringen (2017) Ny djurskyddslag. Regeringens proposition 2017/18:147. Stockholm: Näringsdepartementet.
Rosa, H. (2013[2005]) Social acceleration. A new theory of modernity. Chicago: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/rosa14834
SFS 1978:558. Förfogandeförordning. Stockholm: Försvarsdepartementet.
SFS 1992:391. Förordningen om uttagning av egendom för totalförsvarets behov. Stockholm: Försvarsdepartementet.
SFS 1992:1403. Lag om totalförsvar och höjd beredskap. Stockholm: Försvarsdepartementet.
SFS 2018:1192. Djurskyddslag. Stockholm: Landsbygds- och infrastrukturdepartementet RSL.
Sheehan, J.J. (2008) Where have all the soldiers gone? The transformation of modern Europe. New York: Mariner Books.
Smith, R.K. (2008). ”’Ecoterrorism’? A critical analysis of the vilification of radical environmental activists as terrorists, Environmental Law 38 (2):537–576.
Sjöstedt, S. (2022) ”Får man ta hunden med sig in i himlen (eller skyddsrummet)?”, Värmlands Folkblad, 14 mars 2022.
Sorenson, J. (2009) ”Constructing terrorists. Propaganda about animal rights”, Critical Studies on Terrorism 2 (2):237–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150903010715
SVT (2022) ”Vad händer om jag vägrar?”, SVT Nyheter, 11 mars 2022.
Thornes, T. (2016) ”Animals and climate change”, Journal of Animal Ethics 6 (1):81–88. https://doi.org/10.5406/janimalethics.6.1.0081
Trigg, J., K. Thompson, B. Smith & P. Bennett (2015) ”Engaging pet owners in disaster risk and preparedness communications: simplifying complex human-animal relations with archetypes”, Environmental Hazards 14 (3):236–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2015.1047731
Trompenaars, F. & C. Hampden-Turner (1997) Riding the waves of culture. Understanding cultural diversity in business. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing Limit.
Trompenaars, F. & P. Woolliams (2003) Business across cultures. Chichester: Capstone Publishing Ltd.
Ulmer, J.B. (2017) ”Posthumanism as research methodology. Inquiry in the anthropocene”, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 30 (9):832–848. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2017.1336806
Vaziri, A. (2020) ”California fires. How to evacuate safely with your pets”, San Francisco Chronicle, 27 augusti 2020.
Walby, K. & J. Monaghan (2011) ”Private eyes and public order. Policing and surveillance in the suppression of animal rights activists in Canada”, Social Movement Studies 10 (1):21–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2011.545225
Wallenius, C., A.K. Berglund, C. Brandow & S. Hede (2021) ”Anchoring Sweden’s downsized military. People’s attitude to, knowledge about, and trust in our military defense”, Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies 4 (1):78–93. https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.69
Wallenius, C., C. Brandow, A.K. Berglund & E. Jonsson (2019) ”Anchoring Sweden’s post-conscript military. Insights from elites in the political and military realm”, Armed Forces & Society 45 (3):452–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X18755107
Loveluck, L., K. Khudov, J. Koh & H. Levine (2022) ”A shelter in Ukraine saved hundreds of cats and dogs – and a lion”, Washington Post, 26 april 2022.
Wither, J.K. (2020) ”Back to the future? Nordic total defence concepts”, Defence Studies 20 (1):61–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702436.2020.1718498
Youatt, R (2014) ”Interspecies relations, international relations. Rethinking anthropocentric politics”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies 43 (1):207–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829814536946
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Arita Holmberg, Miranda Holmberg, Aida Alvinius
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All content in Sociologisk Forskning is published with immediate open access, under the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
All content may be read, downloaded, shared and printed for non-commercial purposes, free and without fees. Contents may not be altered. When content is reused, author, source and a link to the copyright licence must be provided. The author retains copyright to their content. No publication fees are charged.
